?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????

Historical ??????? ??????: 1950 ?? ????? ????? ????, ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? - ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ????????????????? (?????? ??????? - ???????????)? ???? 1958 ?? ????? "????? ????? ???????????? ????????", ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? (???? ???????? ???? ???????) ??????? ?????? (?????? ??????? - ???????????) (?????? ??????? - ???????????)? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? (?????? ??????? - ???????????) (?????? ??????? - ???????????)? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???, ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? (?????? ??????? - ???????????) (?????? ??????? - ???????????).

?????????, ???????? ??? ????????? (??????) ?????

?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???:

• ?????????: ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (?? ?????, ??? ???? ???? "????" ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????)) ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????????? 1.0 ± 0.25 ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? (?????? ??????? - ???????????).

• ????????: ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? (????????????, ???? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???)? ??? ??? ???? ???????? - ???? ???????? 4.0 ± 0.8 ???? ????? (?????? ??????? - ???????????).

• ??????: ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? (???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????)? ??? ??????? ???? ???, ???????? 6.4 ± 1.5 ???? ????? (?????? ??????? - ???????????).

(???? ~ 1.4 ???? ??????? ???? ????????? "????????????" ?????????? ?????? ???????? (?????? ??????? - ???????????), ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???)) ????????? ??????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? (?????? ??????? - ???????????)? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????????, ?? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? 1, 3, ??? 6 ???? ????? ????????? 50% ????????? ???? (?????? ??, ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???).

(???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? - 17,246+ ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????) ?????: ???? ???? - ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???????, ???????? ???? ???? ?? dark ? ???????? ??????? ??? (??????????? ???? ??????); ????????? (?? ??????) ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???, ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? (?????? ??????? - ???????????) (?????? ??, ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???).

?????? ??????? (????????? ???????????)

?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????? 50% ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? (?????? ??????? - ???????????):

• ????????? (??????? ????????): ?????????????? ~ 1.0 ???? ???? (50% ????????) (?????? ??????? - ???????????).

• ???????? (????????? ??????): ~ 4.0 ???????? ???? ????? (?????? ??????? - ???????????).

• ????????? (????????? ???????): ~ 6.4 ???????? ???? ????? (?????? ??????? - ???????????).

?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? - ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? (??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????, ?????? ???????????? 1.0 ???? ????? ≈ 2 ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? (?????? ??????? - ???????????)?) ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? 1 - 3 - 6 ???? (???? ?????) ?? "??????" ??????? ??????? ??????? - ???????? - ????????? ???????? (?????? ??, ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???)? ????????????, ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? 1 ????, ????????? ???? 3 ??? ??????????? ???? 6 ??????? ??? (?????? ??, ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???)? (??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????, ?????????????, ?????????, ?????????, ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? 0.75, 1.5, 3 ??? 6 ?? ???? ??????? ??? (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????)?)

?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???: ??????? N ?????????????? ????????, ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? (??????? ???????? - ???? ??????????? ??????????? 50% ??)? ??????, ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????????? "??????? ?????" ?????? ??????? ????

??????? ?????? (????????? ??? ?????)

??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????, ????????, ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? (??? - ??? ????????), ???? ????? ??? (?????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????):

?????? n ???????? ?????? ??????, ???_? ????????? ?????????????? ???? (??), f ????? ????? ??????? (??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????), p ??????? ??? (??????? ???????????? ????? ??????), ??? R ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???: ???? ??????? ?????? (?? ????? ????? ???????) ?????? ???? n, ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? n (?????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????)? ??? N ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? (?????? ????? ????) ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????

????????????, ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? N (?????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????)? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??? (??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????) ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? - ??????? ????? ????? ??/??/?? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????

????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????

????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????, ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???:

• ?????? ???? ??? ???????: ??????? (????? ?? ???????) ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????; ???????, ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? (????: ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????) ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????????????? ????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ～2 ° C ?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? - ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? (?????? ???????? ?????)?

• ?????? ????????? ??? ???????: ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????? (??? p) ??? ????? ????? ??????? f ??????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? (??????) ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????? (?????? ??????) ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??? (?????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????).

• ????????????? ????: ??? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? (f_t = ????????? (- ??/??_??)) ????????????? ??????? ???? ???? (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????)? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ????, ????? ???? (????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????)? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ??? (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????) (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????).

• ?????? ?????????: ???? ???? - ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? "?? ?????????" ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ~ 0.5 ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? "???? ?????????" ?????? 2.5 ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? 50% ??????????? ???? (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????)? ????????, ???? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????

• ????? - ???? - ???? ?????? (??????) ??? ?????? ????: ?????? ?????????????? ???? (???) ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???: ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????).

??????, ?? ????????? ???? ?'? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????????, ??????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????????, ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? "?????? ?????" (??? ??????? ??? ?? ????) ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????, ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????

?????? ????

????? ????????? ??????? ???, ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ??/??/?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????????:

• ??????: ???? 2 ????? ????? ??????? (???_? = 2 ??) ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? f = 50 ???? ??? ??????? ??? p = 20μm (= 0.02 ????)? ??????????? ???? ?????? 1 - ???? ??????????? ??????? ???,

  $$R _ {\ rm det} = \ frac {2 \, \ ????? {m} \ ??? 50 \, \ ????? {????} {2 \ ??? 0.02 \, \ ????? {????} \ ??? 1} \ ?????? 2500 \ \ \ M}?$$

  ???????? (≈3 ????) ??? ????????? (≈6 ????) ?? ????, ????????? ???????? ≈833M ??? ≈417m ???? ???? (?????? $ r \ ???????? 1/?? $)?

• ?????????????? ??????: ???? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? (???????????? ?????? ~ 0.95 ??) ??? 17μm ??????? ??? 16.75 ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? 3 - ???? ???????? ????? ????, ???? ?????? 157 ????? 50% ????????? ??????? ???? ???? (??? ??????? ????, ?????? ??????? $ r \ ???????? (0.95 \ ??? 16.75)/(2 \ ????? 0.017 \ ????? 3) \ ???????? 157 $ ??, ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????)

• ?????? ???: ????? ??????????? (??? ???????, ???????? ?????), ?????? ????? - ?? - ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????????, ???? ???? ~ 2000m ?????????, ~ 667M ???????? ??? 1.8 ?? ???????? ???? ~ 333M ????????? ?????? ????? (?????? ??, ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???).

?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????

????????????

?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????:

• ?????? ??? ??????????: ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? - ???? ??????, ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??/??/?? ????????? ??????????? ??? (?????? ??????? - ???????????)? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? (????? ???? ?????) ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? 1 - 3 - 6 ???? - ???????? ???? ????? - ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????

• ????????? ??? ?????? / ???????: ???????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???, ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????????, ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? 1 ????????? ??? ???????? 400 ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????

• ??????? ??? ??? ???????????: ??????? ???, ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???? (???? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????; ???? ?????? ??, ??, ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???))

??????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? (?????????, ???????, ??????? ????) ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????? (???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????) ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????

?????????? ??? ?????? ???????

?? ??????????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????????, ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? - ????? ??????:

• ??????? ????: ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? - ????????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????, ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????).

• ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???: ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????) (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????)? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????

• ?????? ????: ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????; ??? ?????????? ?????????, ??????, ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???? (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????).

• ????? ??? ????????????????: ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? (??????? ??? ???????) ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? (???), ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????, ??? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????

• ?????????? ?????: ??????????? 50% ????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??, ?? ???? ?????? - ??????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???

?? ????????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????????, ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????? (??????????? ???? 0.75 ???? ???????) ????????? ??? (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????)? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????, ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? - ?????????? ????????????? (???? ?????? ???? ?? - ????/?? - ??? ???? (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????)) ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? (???? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ???)? ????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? - ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????

????????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? "???????? ???? ?????" ?? ????? ?????????, ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? (?????? ??????? - ???????????) (?????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????)? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???, ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? (?????? ??????? - ???????????) (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????).

?????: ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? (?????? ??????? - ???????????) ??? ???????? ???????????? (?????? ??????? - ???????????) (?????? ??, ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???)? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? - ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? (?????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????)? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? -???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????) (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????)? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??? (?????? ??, ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???).